Gambling Addiction: Compulsive or Pathological Gambling Essay -- Compu

I am keen on how an individual could mentally and truly want to bet. It intrigues me that an impulse could transform into physical need and agony if the impulse isn’t satisfied. This could really be named a dependence, which a few people would likewise characterize it as an infection. Individuals bet for a wide range of reasons. A few people do it for the fervor in which it will cause them to feel an arrival of adrenaline. Another motivation behind why a few people do it is on the grounds that they are extremely serious and they need to feel the eruption of vitality that they would potentially get from beating different players or even the seller. Something else that pulls them in would be the danger, all things considered, They make a high dollar wager and the minutes in the middle of that wager being set and the result send a rush all through their body, thinking about what the result will be. A few people accept that in the event that they bet, they will have the option to illuminate money related issues, for example, not having the option to take care of month to month tabs, divorce settlement, kid support, abandonment, and so on. Others discover betting can be a way that they run from pressure and they feel that they don’t want to stress over life’s issues. With betting being a habit, individuals will rationalize concerning why they do it. Betting is a ton like drinking liquor. A few people contend that doing any betting, such as drinking any liquor, is an awful thing and will just prompt issues that will develop and turn out to be a lot of more regrettable. Others contend that doing reasonable betting with some restraint, such as drinking with some restraint, is totally adequate and a sheltered activity. They do, nonetheless, have a few principles that make the reasonable betting seen â€Å"okay† to them. Here are a portion of the principles. A few people accept that you have to sta... ...es you wish there was something more that you could do to help. It is difficult for individuals to confess to having this issue so there are most likely more individuals out there then we could ever know. Works Cited Establishment, M. H. (2011). Betting. Recovered from Mental Health Foundation: http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-data/psychological well-being a-z/G/betting/ Wellbeing, W. (2009). Betting. Recovered from Women's Health: http://www.womens-healthcare.org/psychological well-being/gambling.html Jean Segal, M. S. (2013, July 13). Betting Addiction and Problem Gambling: Warning Signs and How to Get Help. Recovered from Helpguide: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/gambling_addiction.php Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, M. (2013, Novemeber 26). Betting Addiction (Compulsive or Pathological Gambling). Recovered from MedicineNet: http://www.onhealth.com/gambling_addiction/article.htm

How useful are the views of Anzac soldiers at Gallipoli suggested in Source A, B and C Free Essays

All the sources are valuable in light of the fact that despite the fact that they may not be dependable, they show the people’s assessment of the Gallipoli crusade. Sources that show people groups feeling can be utilized to investigate how the welds felt all through the wars. Source A was distributed in 1916, only one year after the Gallipoli crusade. We will compose a custom paper test on How helpful are the perspectives on Anzac troopers at Gallipoli recommended in Source A, B and C or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This makes it an essential source, which could imply that its increasingly solid as it was composed closer the time, and subtleties have had less time to be overlooked. It was made on the Gallipoli peninsular, which shows that the craftsman had an observer account this would mean he was depending on his own insight not somebody else’s. In spite of the fact that it as made by an Australian craftsman, which may mean it, is one-sided or misrepresented in light of the fact that he should make the Australians look better, it shows both the great and terrible side of the war. The kid's shows show two ANZAC fighters as they looked during the Gallipoli crusade. The primary animation shows a man in a huge over coat, shoes that are to large for him, a weapon, he’s yawning and has thin legs. The enormous coat and shoes that are to huge for him propose that the provisions aren’t traversing and they are low on assets so he needs to utilize anything he can get. The thin legs likewise show that there is an absence of food and that the fighters are feeble. I know from my own insight that provisions weren’t overcoming and that food supplies were extremely low. Additionally there were thousand of flies, which contaminated the food so the little food that was left was not consumable. The title â€Å"another miserable dawn† shows the troopers feel that they are not getting anyplace and that they won't progress anyplace with the knew day. The source is very dependable and is helpful in light of the fact that it shows a genuine record of the soldier’s time in Gallipoli and isn't over overstated to make them look better as it shows the positives and negatives. In this manner it very well may be use to show how the conditions influenced the officers, it likewise shows what the troopers resembled during the war. Source B is valuable since it gives a recorded record. Anyway it possibly inclination as an Australian composes it and he should make his military look better. It is an optional source so it may be increasingly solid on the grounds that there may be more sources accessible. Likewise the individuals who have composed the sources he’s put together his book with respect to have had the opportunity to recuperate from the stun they may have endured and compose the sources all the more precisely. I know some portion of it is honest and is solid, as I realize that the resident fighters were prepared since the beginning for military. It is likewise like the inclination in Britain †† to be deserted was unbelievable. So we realize that this part is truth and dependable. Be that as it may, some portion of the source is problematic as it is only one man’s sentiment (John Kegan). â€Å"New Zealanders aptitudes with the rifle and spade would win them a notoriety for being the best warriors in the war during the twentieth Cent ury. † We realize this isn't accurate as the New Zealanders lost their fight at the Gallipoli crusade to the Turks. As the British and French soldiers won the greater part of their fights during the first and Second World War it could be contended that they were the more grounded and better soldiers of the twentieth Century. It likewise says in the source â€Å"†¦ ormidable hostile force, as the Turks were soon to discover† we realize this isn't accurate as they lost to the Turks. I likewise know the arrivals at Sulva inlet turned out badly for the ANZAC troops and furthermore the arrivals at ANZAC bay and Cape Helles sea shore fizzled. This shows they can't be the â€Å"formidable hostile power† the creator describes them and that he is possibly misrepresenting what happened to make it his soldiers sound better. This source can be utilized as a knowledge with respect to what happen when the new Zealanders got called up to war, and what the New Zealand individuals thought of their soldiers. Source C is composed by a correspondent, yet it isn't clear regarding what nation he is from, the manner in which he discusses the Australians recommend that he isn't from Australia, however is dazzled by them. He appears to over misrepresent the part they played in the war and the manner in which they managed it. This would propose the source is problematic as it is his own sentiment not established truths. This source shows what a few people thought of the Australians â€Å"it was incredible to watch them as they went†. It shows the high good and ANZAC soul that was available through the crusade, I realize this is most likely obvious on the grounds that is fundamentally the same as what occurred in Britain all through the first and second war there was ostensibly high British soul. It additionally has some mistaken focuses I. e. ‘absolutely unaffected by the bullets’ †this can't be valid the same number of troops were executed by projectiles. I realize that there were 200,000 united losses and a portion of these were from the ANZAC troops, hence they weren’t unaffected by slugs. This source is best utilized as a supposition and knowledge into what was thought of the Australians as opposed to as solid record of what really occurred. All in all Sources A, B and C are helpful in various manners. Source An is the most solid and exact record of what really occurred and could be utilized to show what really occurred. Source B and C is best utilized as assessments of what occurred, where reality may have been misrepresented or mutilated. It tends to be utilized to show a record from the ANZAC perspective and how their kin felt towards the battle. The most effective method to refer to How helpful are the perspectives on Anzac officers at Gallipoli proposed in Source A, B and C, Papers

Interactive illustration in print media targeting children's Thesis

Intuitive representation in print media focusing on kids' market(under12) - Thesis Example Against the scenery of this data, it won’t be a distortion to express that the expanding complexity of the advanced market has caught a significant portion of the children’s fragment, along these lines in a roundabout way pushing them away from the regular vehicle of perusing for example the print media. Besides, the improvement of web, and the developing reasonableness just as simplicity of home figuring has prompted a further development in expanding the engaging quality of the intelligent computerized media. Youngsters today, have a wide assortment of choices available to them regarding perusing and learning, with web and intuitive computerized media framing a tremendous lump of their cutting edge youth exercises. Thinking about the gigantic potential and ubiquity of the intuitive computerized media, and the way that it has now entered instructive settings, the importance of intelligent print media appears to have taken a rearward sitting arrangement. Be that as it m ay, the significance and believability of the print media in altering the social and instructive encounters of youthful perusers can't be totally discounted. It is by virtue of this very explanation that teachers, specialists, content makers just as approach creators are presently indicating an expanded intrigue and concern with respect to the strength of intuitive computerized media and its imaginable effect on the intrusive experience and comprehension of basic social ideas of youngsters. They have focused on that the restoration of the print media is fundamental as it has a gigantic potential to animate the savvy person, passionate just as physical improvement of youngsters. The one of a kind attributes that the print media offers can go far in helping youngsters in molding their comprehension of their general surroundings. It can likewise help in the improvement of an all around planned intelligent print media can help in causing a feeling of genuine learning among the youthful perusers. This paper on intelligent representation in print media illuminates different parts of the print media and its conceivable effect on the youthful perusers. In the process it follows the underlying foundations of this medium and outlines its advancement into an exceptionally intelligent medium which is explicitly intended to invigorate a sharp feeling of comprehension and development among the intended interest group, for example small kids (Schumm, 2006; Wooten, 2009). History of delineation in print media focusing on youngsters The market for children’s books was for all intents and purposes non-existent in the days of yore. The vast majority of the image books before the sixteenth or seventeenth century were essentially structured and focused at the grown-up crowd. Youngsters were not given due significance as an autonomous market section and henceforth there were once in a while any books focused on explicitly at them, albeit an advantaged not many for example fo r the most part kids from rich privileged societies of the general public were presented to and/or approached lit up original copies (Pope, 2010; Cullinan, Person, 2005). Figure: A case of a lit up original copy for kids According to Aries, the specialists during the tenth and the eleventh hundreds of years barely showed any enthusiasm for representing for youngsters, as they didn't think of them as a significant section of perusers. He

A Case Of Earthquake In Hokkaido - Free Essay Example

Throughout centuries in our nations have experienced different natural disasters that have required recovery and creating new emergency assistance program. On September 6, 2018, in northern island of Hokkaido, Japan an earthquake magnitude of 6.7 reaching the maximum of 7 on Japans seismic intensity scale in some areas. According to International Civil Defense Organization (2018), earthquake or seismic tremor is a good description of the natural phenomenon which suddenly strikes an area causing damage that varies according to the intensity of the quake and local geological conditions.   Earthquakes are also defined as, sudden slippages or movements in a portion of the earths crust accompanied by a series of vibrations. Many times, earthquakes happen without warning in areas all around the world. Furthermore, earthquakes have more natural disaster consequences such as, after-tremors, which tend to occur with hours, days, or months from the initial earthquake, earthquakes may also trigger volcanic eruptions, landslides, and avalanches. One of the most common consequences of earthquakes are Tsunamis, due to collapsing sea or lake beds which result from earthquakes or volcanic eruption.   During a strong earthquake, the suggested preventative methods if located outside, be aware of collapsing buildings and falling materials and infrastructures, it is also suggested avoiding the use of telephones unless necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The earthquake hits Japan northern island of Hokkaido, the quake centered east of the city of Tomakomai. Prior to earthquake hitting Japan, during that same week the country had battered by deadly typhoons, flooding, and a record heatwave (Reuters, 2018). Jebi described to be the deadliest typhoon to hit Japan in 25 years, which brought the earthquake to its heels killed at least 10 people and caused widespread damage, closure of Japans busiest airport several days, and disturbances. Considering the previous natural disasters that occurred, as a country Japan should have been prepared or possibly conducted studies of possible natural disaster occurring. The previous natural disasters could have the possible warning that the earthquake would occur. Therefore, warning signs and possible prevention could have been provided to the population of Hokkaido, due to the recent, natural disasters. Additionally, the results of the earthquake, caused loss of power supply for nearly 3 million people, also different municipalities in Hokkaido reported areas where water service was not functioning. Approximately, 250 hospitals were running on generators, Hokkaido Electric Power, the company that operated the plant, had not detected any changes in radiation levels. Power was not restored for about a week or more. On Thursday, September 13, 2018 power was restored to approximately 1.4 million households. Furthermore, the disaster resulted in approximately 40 people missing and more than 150 people injured by the earthquake and four deaths occurred near the epicenter of the earthquake. The aftermath of Hokkaido resulted in landslides that buried houses and paralyzed Hokkaido. After, the earthquake authorities did urge residents to pay full attention for possible to seismic activity caused by the earthquake. The earthquake also caused loss of power supply for nearly 3 million people, also different municipalities in Hokkaido reported areas where water service was not functioning.   Interesting facts about this natural disaster was the quick response of different emergency management agency for example, defense force soldiers were deployed to help with rescue operations and helicopter crews were also dispatched. An interesting fact of this event is The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has published a safety guide for earthquakes and their aftermath. As previously mentioned, Japan is considered at high risk for natural disasters, as well as, nuclear accidents. Thus, it is crucial for Japan to have an emergency management assistance program created. As a result, in 2007, the governments Fire and Disaster Management Agency launched what became extremely popular in Japan the J-Alert, a satellite-based system that enables local authorities to transmit warning messages directly to local media and citizens (J-Alert: disaster warning technology in Japan, 2016). According to Japanese officials it takes about 1 second to inform local officials, and between 4 and 20 secon ds to relay the message to citizens. All warnings, except for severe weather warnings, are broadcast in five languages: Japanese, English, Mandarin, Korean and Portuguese (J-Alert: disaster warning technology in Japan, 2016).

Body Image Essay - 636 Words

Body Image Do you look in the mirror and pick yourself apart? Do you constantly worry about what you look like? You might be thinking, â€Å"Sure, no big deal.† But, the way you look at yourself and how you talk to yourself on a daily basis can have a huge impact on your life. One of the largest influence on teenage girls is the media.The media pushes body image, clothes, and fast food. At the same time they push weight lose with unrealistic results. The combination of all the above leads teenage girls down the road to eating disorders and a confusing self-image When you are not happy with who you are it is hard to be a good friend and a good student. If your mind is on what you dont like about yourself and your body, then†¦show more content†¦Girls are taught from a young age that the key to success is beauty. The commercial media, for example, pays no attention to girls minds and life goals. Instead, they show us Naomi Campbell, Nikki Taylor, and other popular models, telling us that this is what you should go for. As the well-known Body Shop slogan says, There are three billion women who dont look like supermodels and only eight who do. Yet millions of women skip meals, skip dessert, and treat food as their enemy just to look like the impossibly thin women on the covers of todays magazine. Even those who love and support you might be accidentally leading you into hurtful behaviors. When you see a parent or loved one going on strict diets or exercising a lot, you might feel that what they are doing is normal. You might even be encouraged then to diet and exercise as much as they do. While they think they are trying to teach you good habits, they might actually be teaching you to do things that hurt your body. If you look in any nutrition book, you will find something about Recommended Daily Allowances of vitamins and minerals. Now, look at the labels on the food you eat. Often, when you go on diets, you eat foods that are low in the nutrients you need like calcium and iron. These things keep you energetic and strong. Your body does not work as well without them. While calories might seem bad to a dieter, when you have less caloriesShow MoreRelatedBody Image And Body Images1896 Words   |  8 Pagesfeelings of body image. Many people think a dancer’s personal vision of their body image is an important part of their psychological health and well-being and can help or hinder their dance performance. But what is body image? Body image is both perceptual (what we see) and affective (how we feel about what we see) (Rudd Carter, 2006). Cash, (2004) referred body image to the multifaceted psychological experience of embodiment, especially one’s physical appearance and encompasses one’s body-relatedRead MoreEating Disorders And Body Image Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesKarlye Weber AMST 3723 Dr. Carreiro 15 November 2016 Typically when covering the topic of eating disorders and body image dissatisfaction athletes and young women are the center of research and are stereotyped to be the only groups of people who suffer from self-image issues. In â€Å"The Hidden Faces of Eating Disorders and Body Image,† authors Justine Reels and Katherine Beals look to breakdown the stereotypes and dig deeper into the issues that cross over the borders of ethnicity, age and genderRead MoreThe Body Image Movement Aims Essay1780 Words   |  8 Pages2014). Movements have purposes, even when these have to do with transforming members themselves rather then the worlds outside the movement (Jasper 2014). The body image movement aims to improve the relationship between women and their bodies in a more positive manner (Dove 2014). Currently, women are suffering from an increase in body self-consciousness as a result of medias role regarding beauty ideals. Researchers have found that women worldwide do not view themselves as beautiful and are consistentlyRead MoreBad Body Image Days Or Bad Self Image1235 Words   |  5 PagesBad body image days or bad self-image days, in general, are something that every person at some point in time endures. Everyone has their insecurities and some days these insecurities  strike out to us more so than other days. Being our own worst critic, the days you wake up swearing you gained 10 pounds over night or the days you wake up shocked to see your face as one inflamed  pimple can be extremely  hindering. We all love morning stomach but some days you wake up bloated and feeling a tad moreRead MoreThe Impact Of Fitspiration Images On College Women s Body Image1433 Words   |  6 Pages​It is undeniable that the body changes many times throughout the length of adulthood. Education is one indicator that a person has began their journey into adulthood. Attending a University is a time when many men and women set out on their own to find their own identity and place in the world. Part of that identity is body image. Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2015) conducted research that aimed to investigate the impact of fitspiration images on college women’s body image. Participants included 130 femaleRead MoreBody Image : The African American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesBody Image in the African American Culture Today we live in a society that over the years has become so obsessed with body image and how an individual should look. Different cultures have different standards and norms that help to define their ideal body image. African Americans because of their differences in culture have gone against most cultural norms and have set their own definitions of beauty, body image, and body satisfaction. Because of these key differences, the African American communityRead MorePositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pages Body image disturbance, or BID, can have negative effects on individuals and can be found among many different ages of women. In fact, BID can even be found in girls as young as age seven. Many negative effects have been attributed to BID, such as increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which can cause issues both psychologically and physically (Devaraj Lewis, 2010). Therefore, there is a need to help women combat these negative effects of body image disturbance and help maintain a more positiveRead MoreNegative Body Image of Women in the Media2325 Words   |  10 Pagesside effects resulting in low self-esteem, eating disorders, or depression. Media projects images of women that have been surgically or technologically edited, these projections are causing negative effects. These unrealistic women have a greater effect on young women today, society has enveloped this idea that we have to meet this certain image. We have become so overwhelmed with the stereotypical image causi ng great disapproval for women who are slightly overweight. Everyone wants to look theirRead MoreThe Media And It s Impute On Body Image1850 Words   |  8 Pages2015 The Media and It’s Impute on Body Image There are no questions to whether the media has influenced the self-consciousness people have on their body or not. Whether it is the front of a magazine cover or in a film or television show, the selection of models or actors are primarily thin or fit leading readers and viewers to worry or want to change the way their body looks. Body image is the way one sees oneself and imagine how one looks. Having a positive body image means that most of the time someoneRead MoreSocietal Expectations And Media Influences Of Body Image Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesExpectations and Media Influences of Body Image Numerous studies have been conducted on the various aspects of the impact and societal expectations held by north America and the impacts that it has on today’s youth. Body Image is a picture or mental image of your own body and how you view it.However, during my research process, there were very few sources that supported the media’s projection of body image. As we explore all the aspects of what body image really is and what impact may the media

Effects Of Social Networking On College Grades - 1069 Words

I. Introduction – Cigarettes and alcohol are not the only items that people can be addicted to. Some people can be addicted to gambling or exercising. Others can be addicted to social networking. The pros of social networking and the entertainment value is outweighed by the cons. Social networking is fun but it can be harmful and addictive. People have always needed to communicate. Texting, face time, social networking are new convenient ways to communicate. These new forms of communication are not perfect and can have bad effects on the user. Social networking is a distraction that negatively impacts social skills, grammar, and test grades of youth. II. Social networking has negative effects such as bad grammar that will affect college grades (Ives). Students that use social networking have problems with grammar and spelling (Ives). Social networking is responsible and for bad spelling and grammar. Social networking is addictive and the people who use it receive insufficient grammar as a result. Spelling has an equally important effect. Spelling is an easy way to see the brain power of an individual. Spelling is very important in high school and college as well as your whole life. Additionally spelling affects the quality someone’s school years. Grammar will directly affect the outcome of grades in school and in college. Good grammar is a sign of professionalism. Bad spelling due to texting and social networking has been linked to low college entrance exam scores (Ives).IfShow MoreRelatedEffects of Social Networking on Undergraduate Student’s Grades1550 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Social networking has made its way into American culture quickly and is more prevalent now than ever before. Many people have different views on the relevance and benefits of social networking, whether they are positive or negative standpoints. Nevertheless, social media and networking is a part of our American lifestyles as a whole. As a Computer Information Systems major and studying the foundations and composition of computer applications, I would like to research the effects that socialRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Our Society1559 Words   |  7 Pagesdeny that social media has taken over conventional media in the world today. We can easily see that they have impacts on our society. Since the introduction of social network sites years ago, to communicate with friends and family has been easy once you have access to internet.The definition of social media is the relationship that exist between network of people (Walter Riviera, 2004). In the last ten years, the online world has changed dramatically. Thanks to the ivention of social media, youngRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1438 Words   |  6 PagesKainth Sheridan College Professor: Chrisoula Benak Date: Friday, March 15th. 2013 Jung, Brain. â€Å"The Negative Effect of Social Media on Society and Individuals | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved March 15 2013 lt;http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.htmlgt;. This is an article which talks about how the social networking system, although looks really great is in the same way has a negative effect in the societyRead MoreLiterature Review : A Research Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopments and Social Networking Sites When Hartshorne, Ajjan, and Cao (2016) conducted their study, they observed that there has been a significant increase in the number of social networking websites today. Indeed, Jacobsen and Forste (2011) argue that social networking websites have become an international phenomenon in recent years, with many individuals, especially teens and young adults becoming obsessed and addicted to this relatively new sensation. Teenagers and young adults use these social networkingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesPeople may say social media is good for you but is it really? Everyday, everywhere I always see people on social media calling people bad names, not being able to communicate face to face with each other. Social media, social media, social media†¦ oh what is has done to the world, so many students grades have dropped, criminals PROMOTE crimes. Ultimately, what is at stake here is social media will one day take over the world. Peopleâ€⠄¢s safety will be in danger, crimes will increase, people will getRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Academic Performance Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesMedia, 2012) and college students (Junco, 2011) actively engaged. However, as results the authors found that corroborating the work on the impact of social media on academic performance, participants who accessed Facebook one or more times during the study period had lower grade point averages. Furthermore, Junco (2011) discovered that sharing links and checking up with friends on Facebook more often predicted higher college grades; making status updates more often predicted lower grades; and that overallRead MoreThe Old College Try : A Young Age1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe Old College Try From a young age, people learn the importance of structure to succeed. As early as kindergarten, schools teach students how to build healthy habits, such as organization skills, time management, and commitment to thoroughly completing tasks to the best of their ability. The quality of being organized sets the foundation for success. The motto â€Å"give it the old college try† is commonly used when referring to the amount of effort and willpower required to succeed in college. Some studentsRead MoreOverview of Social Networking1393 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as lower grades, job stability, cyberbullying, sexting, and it can harm college admission. I have known a family friend that has experienced social networking in a horrible way, which has messed with his dreams and life goals. Social networking has a negative influence on our lives, causing many various problems in our community. Social networks are internet sites that help people interact with each other, and help deliver information such as pictures and videos. Social networking started in 1971Read MoreThe Effects of Social Media on College Freshmen Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media is defined as websites and applications used for social networking, in other words it is a way for people to interact and express themselves without being face to face. Social media has become a large part of the life of teenagers, who make up most of the population of people who are subjected to using social media in their daily lives. Many college students are faced with balancing their social lives with school and even athletics making priorities a big dilemma for them. College studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Academic And Social Aspects Of College Students?1440 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the effects of using social networking in academic and social aspects of college students? Over the years, social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram among others have caused a great impact to the world. The new ways of social relations that causing a transformation in the habits and customs of society. This huge popularity to can be connected and share a lot of information within seconds with the outside world has made a tremendous impact, especially on college students. There

Uncertainty Reduction Theory free essay sample

Soumya Prem Roll no: 20120119150 Uncertainty reduction theory Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese This theory explains how communication is used to reduce the uncertainty among people when they meet each other for the first time. It is assumed that when strangers meet, their primary objective is to reduce uncertainty about the other person involved in the interaction. We always want to reduce the uncertainties about our surroundings and the people in it since being uncertain about anything is not a pleasant feeling to have. Berger proposed that there are 3 factors that influence whether people will want to work towards reducing uncertainties about a certain situation. 1. Anticipation of future interaction – You will try to reduce uncertainties if you know there is a possibility of meeting this person again. Therefore, you are more likely to use uncertainty reduction behaviour when you meet someone at a party that you might be interested in. 2. Incentive value – If this person is capable to doing something for you or against you even, then there are higher chances of you trying to reduce uncertainties. 3. Deviance If the person behaves oddly and shows some bizarre characteristics, you are likely to use uncertainty reduction. For example if you meet a new prospective client whom you have to meet in the future and could give your company a new project and has a strange fascination for the colour purple, you would be interested in communicating more to fit the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle together to get to know who she really is. There are 3 ways to seek information from the other person- 1. Passive Strategy Observing someone without being observed 2. Active Strategy Asking a third party for more information 3. Interactive Strategy Obtaining information directly by asking questions and offering personal information about yourself A demonstration of this can be seen in this scene from a very famous Hollywood movie ‘Hitch’ where Will Smith’s character tries to seek more information about Sara Melas at a bar where in he uses all the strategies mentioned above for interaction. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=x-CBqcb0Kcc Berger proposes a series of 8 axioms to explain the connection between uncertainty and eight key variables of relationship development which are 1. Verbal communication -As the amount of verbal communication increases, the level of uncertainty decreases. As uncertainty decreases, the amount of verbal communication increases. 2. Non verbal warmth As nonverbal warmth increases, uncertainty levels decreases in a situation. In turn a decrease in uncertainty level will cause an increase in nonverbal warmth. 3. Information seeking –When uncertainty is more, the tendency to seek information increases. As uncertainty decreases, information seeking behaviour decreases. 4. Self disclosure – When uncertainty levels are high, the levels of intimacy in communication is less. As uncertainty reduces the level of intimacy increases. 5. Reciprocity – Higher the uncertainty, higher the reciprocity. Lower the uncertainty, lower the reciprocity. 6. Similarity Similarities between people decreases uncertainty, while dissimilarities increases uncertainty. 7. Liking Increase in uncertainty decreases liking and decrease in uncertainty increases liking. 8. Shared networks – If there are shared networks among the two people like common friends then uncertainty is less and vice versa. Uncertainty reduction theory in movies – Meet the parents Meeting someone for the first time can be a nerve racking experience for many. In this movie Greg is meeting his girlfriend’s parents for the first time. Jack, Pam’s father is overly protective of his daughter. He constantly mocks Greg’s choice of occupation as a nurse and makes him uncomfortable in a lot of situations with an intention to keep him away from his daughter. Greg tries to impress Jack from time to time but nothing seems to work in his favour because Jack does not show any liking towards him. Jack’s verbal output, nonverbal cues and constant information seeking causes Greg to fear him. Consequently, there is never a stable interaction between Jack and Greg as there is a lot of uncertainty between them. Applications of Uncertainty Reduction theory In an article titled ‘Interactive Uncertainty Reduction Strategies and Verbal Affection in Computer-Mediated Communication’ published by Marjolijn L. Antheunis, Alexander P. Schouten, Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter, they investigated the language-based strategies that computer-mediated communication (CMC) users employ to reduce uncertainty in the absence of nonverbal cues. CMC condition had i. Higher levels of intimacy than face to face condition ii. More affection statements than face to face condition iii. There was no observed differences between text-only CMC and visual CMC condition In another article titled ‘The Acquaintanceship Process: An Examination of Uncertainty, Information Seeking, and Social Attraction during Initial Conversation’ published by William Douglas, the relationship between uncertainty reduction, information seeking, and liking during unstructured initial interaction was studied. Analyses showed that Significant linear and quadratic trends in the uncertainty scores. Global uncertainty-related to uncertainty about the specific person after interaction and the amount of uncertainty reduction that they achieved. Uncertainty and liking were inversely correlated both before and after interaction. Global uncertainty -predictive of amount of information seeking Specific uncertainty -unrelated to the frequency of both asking questions and disclosing. Critique point of view It can be argued that reducing uncertainty about the self and another in an initial encounter might not be an individuals primary concern. A more primary goal would be to maximize relational outcomes. It is not always necessary to reduce uncertainties for obtaining your incentive from the other person. Also a want for information rather than lack of information is what promotes information-seeking in initial encounters with other people. Also one of the axioms states that as the level of uncertainty reduces, liking increases. This may not be necessarily true since there can be a situation where in after communicating you come to realise that the other person possesses qualities that you are not fond of or comfortable about. In this case, there will not be an increase in liking rather there is a possibility of the opposite, i. e. a decrease in liking. Scholarly article sources: http://crx. sagepub. com/content/21/2/154. abstract http://crx. sagepub. com/content/early/2011/06/01/0093650211410420. abstract Other sources: http://www. wikipedia. org/ http://wikis. lib. ncsu. edu/index. php/Uncertainty_Reduction_Theory http://www. youtube. com/

Major Political Parties

Political parties play an important role in the political system of the world today. They play the role of bringing together people with similar political positions and interests. Through political parties, the power game in politics is executed because for one to become a political leader, the channel is via a political party. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Major Political Parties specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, in most cases, voting by the elector is usually based on ideologies that are shared by a political party and not necessarily the individual contesting for a position. Usually there are two major political parties in any election contest in a two party system and the presence of third parties only has some effect on the entire process but can never win an election. There has been substantial development of political parties with change in era and time. This paper highlights some of these developments with a detailed look at some of the major political parties of the world today and their policies on foreign affairs, economy and balancing of the budget. It also touches on the role that third parties play and the impact they have to the political system. To support this, the focus will be on the political system and political parties of the US. In the United States, the two major political parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The third parties in the US are several and the three major third parties include constitution Party, Green Party, and the Libertarian Party (Crane , 12). Currently in the US, the federal government is administered by the Democratic Party with Mr. Obama as the president and head of state. The party shares several ideologies and beliefs of social liberalism. It has ever supported minority groups that include farmers, labor workers and minority religions and minority ethnic groups. Most people of black American descent and Latino Americans share the same positions and interests with the party’s and therefore a huge number of them belong to the party.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The party also opposes ideas that create unregulated business operations in the US. They have sponsored several bills in the senate that supports increase in minimum wages. The 2007 Fair Minimum Wage Act is one of the bills that have been supported by democrats and passed. The Democratic Party believes in a structured tax system that reduces inequality in the economy (Grigsby , 106). The republicans during the Bush regime, created cuts in taxation for rich and wealthy Americans including the middle class. But to create equality and reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, the Obama administration has allowed tax cuts for the rich to expire so that they pay more tax. At the same time taxation cuts for the middle class has been allowed to continue. There is a general support for more budgetary allocation to departments of social services such as health care, and welfare programs. Removing these services from American citizens is like bringing social injustice. Attempts by the Republicans to remove these services were strongly opposed by the members of the Democratic Party (Thompson and Hickey , 89). If the government provides these services to the citizens, it creates an opportunity of freedom to everyone. The PAYGO rule of budget was actually reinstated after a move by the democrats to push for its reinstatement. Democrats also have a liberal and progressive stand on issues to do with the environment, trade, education, the rights of the gay community, and research on embryonic stem cell. Their foreign policy is based on internationalism of which intervention is permitted. They supported the use of military intervention in order to fight terrorism and bring to justice those responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Major Political Parties specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But in the recent past the president has opposed further involvement of the military in Afghanistan calling for a surge of the troops. There is however area where both Democrats and Republicans speak in one voice. This is the issue of Israel in the Middle East region. The Republican Party on the other hand has a conservative nature of ideologies and principles. On the economy, they believe that capitalism and free market contribute greatly towards building the economy (Gienapp , 56). To them the role of assisting the poor should be the responsibility of the private sector and not the government. And therefore they do not support government funding of social services such as health care and education. On international policies, the republicans have always been in support of militar y intervention to bring stability within a region. It was during a republican regime that there have been most wars that the US military has involved itself in. The republicans also form the majority of the people in the US military. The US has a two party political system with democrats and republicans being the main one. However there are other third parties that usually only play the role of a spoiler during elections (Thompson and Hickey , 67). Candidates from these parties rarely do win elections and at the moment there have only been two senators from third parties who have won election since 1990. Whenever there are big issues that are overlooked by the two big parties, they can cause and force attention in these issues. Works Cited Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics . New York: McGraw Hill, 2004.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gienapp, William. The Origins of the Republican Party. New York: Harvard University Press, 1989. Grigsby, Ellen. Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Florence: Cengage Learning, 2008. Thompson, William and Joseph Hickey. Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson, 2005. This research paper on Major Political Parties was written and submitted by user Marcus Evans to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using the French Passive Infinitive

Using the French Passive Infinitive Even though the French infinitive translates as to verb, the French infinitive sometimes needs to be preceded by a preposition. This phenomenon can be divided into two categories: verbs that must be followed by a preposition (see lesson) and the passive infinitive, which you will learn about in this lesson.The passive infinitive occurs when a sentence is written in such a way that the infinitive has a passive, rather than active, meaning. This construction requires the preposition . Compare these two sentences:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je veux dire quelque chose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai quelque chose dire.The first sentence, I want to say something, is active - this want is an active state of mind. The second sentence, I have something to say, is passive: the speaker is using this construction to emphasize the something to say, rather than the action of actually saying it. It might help to literally translate it as I have something to be said.The passive infinitive occurs most commonly with indefinite wo rds, including negative indefinites. This is not a definitive list, but it should give you a good idea about when and how to use the passive infinitive. Indefinite Pronouns   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je cherche quelque chose lire.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im looking for something to read.  Ã‚  Ã‚  En voici un autre corriger.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heres another one to correct.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aimes-tu les films  ? En voici plusieurs voir.  Ã‚  Do you like movies? Here are several to watch. Negative Pronouns   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ny a rien manger.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theres nothing to eat.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle nen a pas une seule partager.  Ã‚  Ã‚  She doesnt have a single one to share. Indefinite Adjectives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je cherche une autre voiture louer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im looking for another car to rent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il regarde chaque peinture vendre.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He looks at each painting to be sold.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a maintes choses faire demain.  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many things to do tomorrow. Negative Adjectives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai aucun argent te prà ªter.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont have any money to loan you.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ny a pas un seul ordinateur utiliser.  Ã‚  Ã‚  There isnt a single computer to use.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il na nulle sagesse communiquer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He has no wisdom to impart. Indefinite Article or Number   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il me reste une maison vendre.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have one house left to sell.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle a trouvà © un chien adopter.  Ã‚  Ã‚  She found a dog to adopt.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai achetà © quatre tartes partager avec le groupe.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I bought four pies to share with the group. Presentatives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest difficile dire.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its hard to say.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a beaucoup de choses faire Paris.  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are a lot of things to do in Paris.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voici les và ªtements laver.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here are the clothes to wash.Note that sometimes cest and il est must be followed by de rather than - learn more. Sentence Fragments The passive infinitive may also be used in fragments:  Ã‚  Ã‚   vendre  Ã‚  Ã‚  For sale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maison louer  Ã‚  Ã‚  House for rent

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts - Case Study Example Dunkin Dollars is one of the strongest donut chains worldwide enjoying the sales of forty fiver percent from the market. Tim Hortons is a Canada based company which has international operations in many countries. What Dunkin Donuts did to boost up its sales and earn customer loyalty was to focus more on selling coffee and other beverages instead of donuts. Dunkin Donuts became a strong brand in the market in less time than expected. Credit for this probably goes to their strong advertisement campaigns, attractive slogans and drive thru service. Tim Hortons, although not as popular as Dunkin Donuts and Krispy Kreme, is a top brand for donuts in Canada and New York. Apart from the direct competitors, indirect competitors such as bakeries, cafes and retailers play a vital role in challenging the profits of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. Although the competition in the industry is growing but Krispy Kreme is fairly satisfied with the revenue it generates from its franchises by selling donut mix es, donut making equipments and royalty. The Organization Krispy Kreme owns a simple organizational structure. It relies heavily on the revenues it earns from its franchising strategy. With this strategy, the company is in a way a little relaxed because major responsibility falls on the shoulders of Krispy Kreme’s franchise owners. Moreover, the franchising option comes with a little risk and more revenue generating methods such as selling authentic donut mixes, donut manufacturing equipments, franchising fees and royalties. Brand image of Krispy Kreme was outstanding so it was never difficult to attract franchisers from various locations. The overall strategies pursued by Krispy Kreme were not really suitable in the competitive environment. This is because they focused only on the sales of donuts-a confectionary item which is sold by a number of bakeries and cafes. So the product was easy to imitate. Whenever Krispy Kreme opened up its franchise in any new area, it brought b enefits to the competitors. Donuts, being an average confectionary item have never gained so much attention among the public. With the opening of Krispy Kreme, people gained awareness on how good and light can little donuts make them feel. So indirectly, the sales of competitors rose up. In the mid of year 2004, it was announced by Krispy Kreme that they are launching an inquiry into the accounting system and later in the same year they reported some accounting errors that were expected to cause a drop the annual sales and net income from an estimated 2.7 percent to 8.6 percent.. The same year, the share price of Krispy Kreme dropped from forty dollars to the range of 10 to 13 dollars per share. This was a huge setback for Krispy Kreme. Time had come when the company’s top heads seriously need to think of ways to save the company from drowning. Marketing Strategy It must be admitted that Krispy Kreme does not have a well developed marketing department so their marketing effor ts are limited. The company only relies on its advertisement campaigns, most of which are associated with the opening of new stores. They also earn revenue from local publicity, newspapers and majorly from word of mouth. When new outlets of Krispy Kreme are opened, media does free publicity and communities associated also become a part of this event. Although Krispy Kreme was opening

Will special programs for reconvicts reduce recidivism Essay

Will special programs for reconvicts reduce recidivism - Essay Example The study will focus on the area covered by the Metropolitan Police force and the State of Colorado in the U. S. A. it will compare and contrast the statistics relevant to the study. The convicts who have been reconvicted and those who have not been will also be compared and contrasted to study whether there is a class of persons more likely to reoffend than others. The histories of both the classes of convicts will be studied to determine the necessary steps to be taken for the prevention of recidivism. The results of this study will be utilized to identify the most representative of reconvicts will be formed. Experimental groups of the classes will be identified. The experimental groups will be given correctional lectures, incentives for good behavior including the shortening of the period of notification and a role in social aid for police forces (volunteering for traffic police duties etc.) apart from psychotherapy and counseling. Persons in each group will be selected randomly. The study will be done with the aid of secondary data in the form of the records maintained in the form of Violent and Sexual Crimes Register, Offenders Index and the National Police Register in the United Kingdom and the similar records in the U. S. A.

Study abroad for Turkish students Essay Example for Free

Study abroad for Turkish students Essay From the later periods of Ottoman Empire, generally, Turkish students have a dream about having their education in abroad. Taking an education in foreign countries seems to be very advantageous for Turkish students because improved social structure and modern cities attracts their attention. Although foreign education standards seem to be attractive, they have a lot of disadvantages. The main disadvantages of study abroad for Turkish students are low education standards in state universities and high education costs. Low education standards in foreign state universities are a disadvantage for Turkish students, because abroad universities can not provide adequate education standards for them. First, as a consequence of professors unmotivated mood, Turkish students can not have a chance to ask their questions about their lessons. Also, students from turkey unable to concentrate to their lectures because of lecture halls overcrowded circumstance. So, Turkish students are getting inadequate degrees. Second, Turkish students have to do lots of researches in their university but, if foreign universities fails to find a sponsorship to finance their researches there will be no research, as a result of lack of money. For instance, as mentioned in the Growing pains (2002) text New Zealand home universities and research centers lack inspiration and research funding. So, Turkish students in New Zealand Universities can not learn how to use a lab or experiments about their lectures. On the other hand, In Turkish universities professors can earn enough money and universities can support students researches from their own budgets. As a result Turkish students can get qualified education from their university. High education costs forces Turkish students to think about not only their education and future, but also their tuition fees and other expenses. In Turkey state universities are nearly free but in US State Universities students have to pay $3,700 for tuition, so this difference surprises their families who are supposed to finance their children; in addition, Turkish Private Universities are generally charged $10,000 per year but the top price of US private Universities can reach $30,000 per year, as a consequence study abroad concerns only rich Turkish families. Another  consequence is, students tried to earn money by working part-time, rarely full-time, to afford their tuition fees and share that burden, partly, from their . For example, a student who lives in Oxford has to work full-time as a waitress and parents but this affects their graduation grades. However, in Turkish universities, students can attend their classes without a fear about the university payments because there have been lots of scholarship types in every university and the tuition fees are prepared according to the average income of Turkish families. In Conclusion, low education standards and high education costs in abroad, makes Turkish students education difficult for them. Although some European countries have well-organized universities, they have some racial problems besides the money based problems, so Turkish students have to take their education in their own land.

The Sea Wolf Essay -- essays research papers

The crew of the seal hunting ship the Ghost stood in disbelief as they gazed upon their recently departed first mate. Then a most unusual thing occurred. The captain began yelling at the dead man like a raging storm. Oaths rolled from his lips in a continuous stream. And they were not nice and thoughtful words or mere expressions of indecency. Each word was a blasphemy, and there were many words. It is this lack of remorse for others that defines Wolf Larsen, the antagonist in The Seal Wolf by Jack London.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the beginning of the book you are introduced to the contrast of characters at hand. The feeble gentleman Humphrey Van Weydon, who is cruelly forced upon the voyage, and the devilish and somewhat divine captain Wolf Larsen. This combination of good and evil sets the stage for an amazing battle of wit and perseverance. But to understand the great battle between these two men, you have to understand the almost invincible nature of Captain Wolf Larsen. Wolf is a five foot ten inch, tan skinned brute. His height is not at all the most striking characteristic of the captain. His amazing muscular build and strength rival that of an enlarged gorilla. In fact, the author repeatedly compares Wolf’s immense strength with that of a wild animal. The name London gives him is perfect to describe his nature. It is this godlike ability to kill anyone with his bare hands that keeps the crew in fear of him. There is a scene in the book where the crew atte...

Akeelah and the Bee

Akeelah was very successful in her Spelling Bee competitions. How many different learning skills are there in this movie to help all the spellers learn? Akeelah’s learning skills are what help her move further and further into the spelling bee. Basically, everyone in this movie has a different way of studying or learning. Akeelah, is a smart 11 year old girl who attends Crenshaw Middle School. She didn’t need to study for her spelling test, because she didn’t make mistakes on her tests. Akeelah doesn’t really fit in at school, she’s afraid of acting like she’s smarter than her friends or classmates.Before she goes for the Crenshaw School wide Spelling Bee, she studies alone. This makes her a Intrapersonal Learner in the beinging of the story. The principle wanted Dr. Larabee to coach her for the Regional Spelling Bee. Akeelah tells her principle no that does not need to be coached. She wanted to study alone. When Akeelah finally agrees to mee t with Dr. Larabee. She still very standoffish. She acted stubborn and hardheaded that she doesn’t need any help. So she ends up study by herself for the District Spelling Bee. She was very scared and nervous when she goes on the stage to spell because of all the people.She won tenth and made to the Regional Bee. There at the District Spelling Bee she befriends Javier a Mexican boy and fellow speller. He invites her to a spelling club at his school. The spelling club conducts itself outside on a basketball court as they pass the ball to each other to spell words. That makes me think that Javier is a Body/ Kinesthetic learner because he learns through body sensation moves around by playing basketball and spelling words. He also falls into Naturalistic learner because he’s outside while playing basketball and spelling words.Akeelah falls under the same two category but she does it a little different. She bounces the balls as she spells each letter. Another reason why I f eel this way is because she likes to be outside when studies her words. She overcomes her stage fright at the Regional Spelling Bee she’s a lot more confident. This is where I noticed that Akeelah is Verbal/ Linguistic learner. I then noticed another habit that she taps her hand on her leg as she says each letter. Just like when she was bouncing the basketball, again another example of her being a Body/ Kinesthetic learner.Dr. Larabee gives her a jump rope to spell the words as she spells, because she keeps time to spell better. This would make her musical/ rhythm because she’s keeping the rhythm as she jumps even when she taps on the side of her leg. Akeelah finally decides to apologize to Dr. Larabee so he can coach her. He doesn’t only want her to learn the words but life lessons as well. Dr. Larabee seems to be a Verbal/ Linguistic learner because he is a teacher and he communicates well through language and is a good speller. He was a former spelling bee co mpetitor when he was younger.Dr. Larabee also seems to be a Intrapersonal learner like Akeelah towards the end of the movie. The reason why I feel this way is because ,he wants to be alone doesn’t want to teach Akeelah any more. Dr. Larabee feels that teaching her is unpredictable. He gives her 5,000 flashcards to learn on her own. Akeelah gets overwhelmed with all those words, that she loses her motivation. With all the help of the neighborhood she learned all the words. As she was learning all these words she was using her jump rope outside going up and down the street.This is another example of her being a Body/ Kinesthetic and a Naturalistic learner. Because she moving her body and she’s outside while she does it. She makes it to National Spelling bee in Washington, D. C. Everything goes great because of her using a fake jump rope on stage to spell her words. The two finalist were Akeelah and Dylan, a Chinese boy who has won second place in the last two National Sp elling Bee’s. He is very contemptuous of her. Dylan’s father will not settle for second best.Dylan seems to be a Visual/ Spatial learner because he memorizes his words instead of learning them. They both win the National Championship. Mnemonic devices were used by all the spellers in this movie, because they would learn the spelling words. Then they use them when they would need them. For example they would use the word when they were ask to spell it In conclusion, most of the characters’ in this movie all had different learning style’s. But was also about the pursuit to pursuit to excellence the speller’s used. The difference between cramming and learning.

Skilled Labour Shortage In Construction Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3286 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.2 Introduction Malaysia is presently experiencing a new era of prosperity. The government formulated and implemented a series of development plans and laid foundation for the development in the country. There is rapid growth especially in construction sector. This bought high demand in construction labour. According to (The Star Online, 22 December 2007), Year 2007 number of reports have highlighted the outflow of construction professional and skilled labour segments of the jobs market. Many skilled workers in the construction sector have moved to Vietnam, Singapore or the Middle East in pursuit of better pay and career prospects. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Skilled Labour Shortage In Construction Industry" essay for you Create order The shortage of skilled labour that the Malaysian construction industry is currently encountering has been perpetuated by several combinations of causes. Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act to diminish the number of foreign workers in the country will trigger the skilled labour shortage problem get in to even worse situation. (The Star, 3 June 2010) 1.3 Problem Statement When we talk about labour crisis in construction industry, number is not only issue impinging on the manpower development of the industry. Due to certain reasons, local workforce is less interested to work in the construction industry. This phenomena may bought huge impacts to the development of the industry. Local workforce is still thinking that the jobs in this sector are not dignified enough besides being labeled dirty, dangerous and difficult. Therefore as a last result to overcome the acute shortage of manpower, the industry hired foreign workers. The group of foreign workers hired by the industry basically unskilled, acquires their work knowledge while assisting the more experienced workers, and thus is not meeting the industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skill standards. Malaysia construction sector should encouraged to plan their human resource requirements to progressively reduce their dependence on low- skilled labour, particularly foreign unskilled labour. 1.4 Research Aim To analyze different type causes and effects of construction Blue- Collor skilled worker shortage to construction industry. 1.5 Objectives (1) To identify the causes of Blue-Collor skilled labour shortage in Malaysian construction industry. (2) To identify the effect of Blue- Collor skilled labour shortage in Malaysian construction industry. (3) To assess solutions to Blue- Collor skills labour shortages in the Malaysian construction industry. 1.6 Background of the study Blue color Skill labour shortages are a common problem across construction industry. Skill shortages are most common in times of strong economic growth and low unemployment. The causes of skill shortages are complex. There are many drivers that could be causing a shortage in a region or occupation. Working conditions and wages play an important role in skill shortages. In occupations where there are poor conditions or wages, the problem may not be in the supply of labour, but rather in the willingness of labour to take up positions. Skilled labour shortage bought a lot effects and impacts neither to construction industry nor society. Thus, it is important that to find out the effective ways to chops with skilled labour shortage to avoid this phenomena further affect the economic growth. 1.7 Scope of study The study of this study is narrowed down to simplify the process of information gathering, so it can be analyzed within an appropriate time limit. The aspects being considered are: Focused on cause and effect of Blue- Color skilled labour shortage at construction industry. Focused any solution which able to cope with Blue- Color skilled labours shortage. The area of this study is in Malaysian construction industry only. 1.8 Research Methodology Stage1: Literature research A comprehensive review of the relevant literature including a computer- assisted search will be undertaken in order to develop an understanding of previous work in the field of human resource. Stage 2: pilot study An initial pilot study will be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through in- depth interviews with constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s company. Stage 3: main survey questionnaire The feedback from the pilot study should assist in finalizing the questionnaire and prepare the ground for the main survey. The question will centre on the areas mentioned in the above objectives. Stage 4: analyzing the postal questionnaire This stage will bring together and review the information collected. 1.9 References Malaysia Construction facing talented outflow? The Star Online, [internet] 22 December 2007. Available at: https://archives.thestar.com.my/last365days/default. aspx?query= construction +worker+ [ Accessed 17 Jun 2010] Right in the view of builder? The Star Online, [internet] 3 June 2010 Available at: https://archives.thestar.com.my/last365days/default.aspx?query=foreign+worker [ Accessed 17 Jun 2010] Chapter 2: Definition of Skilled Labour Shortage in Construction Industry 2.1 Definition of Skilled Labour As stated under PEMBINAAN MALAYSIA ACT 1994 Section 2 of ACT 520, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A skilled construction worker means a person possessing theaccepted level of skill, as determined by the Board, of one ormore trades as listed in ThirdSchedule. The accreditation of a person as a skilled construction worker is through conferment of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sijil Kecekapan Kemahiran (SKK)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for local or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Perakuan Kecekapan Pekerja Asing Binaan (PKPA)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for foreign construction workers. In the more rigidly constructed definition, skilled workers could possess technical or artistic certificates, A.A. degrees, or training up to the bachelorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s degree level. Skilled workers are contrasted with unskilled workers or labor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  unskilled labor doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t necessarily lack a skill set. The main difference is that the skill set required is usually innate (like strength and endurance) or learned with minimal training. (Accessed https://www.wisegeek.com, June 5, 2010) According to CIDB, skilled worker can be defined as personnel who are able to carry out his work according to the set specification based on the national industrial requirements and passed the fixed accreditation test. After successfully accredited (passing the practical skills test), then only CIDB will officially recognize him as a skilled personnel by issuing CIDB Skill Competency Certificate based on the line of work. (CIDB Malaysia, 2010) 2.2 Type of Skilled Workers There is board range for the type of skilled worker in construction industry. According to the PEMBINAAN MALAYSIA ACT 1994 [Section 2 and Subsection 32(2)], there are total 15 type of skilled work as shown in schedule 3. For this chapter only will focused on 10 type of skilled worker. There are Tiler, Bricklayer, Plasterer, Pavour, Plumber, Carpenter, Metal Worker, Construction Plant Operator, Painter, Concretor. 2.2.1 Tiler Tiler is responsible for laying hard tile and marble to floors, decks, and walls throughout any number of construction projects. There were also roof tiler who able to lay roof tiles on the roof frame. Tiler must have training to set their tiles properly the first time, qualified tiler able to ensure the lest risk the project run behind schedule. (Accessed https://dwd.wisconsin.gov, 5 June 2010) However, tilers are susceptible to a number of injuries. The constant straining and bending over a surface can lead to repetitive stress injuries, and heavy tiles can cause serious injuries if handled improperly. (Accessed https://dwd.wisconsin.gov, 5 June 2010) 2.2.2 Bricklayer Bricklayers build walls, partitions, and other structures made of brick. They also work with concrete and cinder blocks, tile, marble, and terra cotta. Bricklayers can do both construction and maintenance work. To build a brick wall, bricklayers construct the corners of the wall first. Normally bricklayers will stretch string from one corner of the wall to the other to used as a guide so that they can build the wall straight. Bricklayers will put the mortar before put bricks in place. Many tools used by bricklayers. For example, trowels, brick hammers, chisels, levels, and rulers. General worker will assist the tiler to do the heavy work, such as carrying materials and mixing the mortar. 2.2.3 Plasterers Plastering is one of the oldest and most respected construction skills. This ancient trade is responsible for applying stucco and plaster to building sites for insulation, support, and aesthetic purposes. (Cited from www.resource4constructionsiteaccidents.com) 2.2.4 Pavour Segmental pavers are responsible for cutting, placing, and arranging a variety of finished masonry such as brick and concrete in order to create paths, patios, driveways, and steps. They work in conjunction with other concrete professionals such as masons, finishers, and terrazzo workers to create the modern society that we so often take for granted. (Cited from www.resource4constructionsiteaccidents.com) 2.2.5 Plumber Plumbers design, install, repair and maintain piping systems such as soil, waste, vent, potable water, wastewater treatment, gas systems (medical, propane, and natural) in residential, commercial, industrial buildings and at utility sites. Plumbing tasks require the ability to assemble, install, maintain and repair pipes, fittings, fixtures, appurtenances, appliances of heating, water, storm and sanitary drainage systems according to specifications and plumbing codes. Plumbers install sanitary fixtures; such as, lavatories, toilets, bathtubs, bathroom accessories, showers, kitchen sinks and appliances, drinking fountains and laundry equipment. (Cited from www.resource4construction siteaccidents.com) 2.2.6 Carpenter In construction industry, the job scope for Carpenters is construct, erect, install or repair structures, fittings or furniture made of wood; building frameworks including partitions, joists, struts and rafters; wood staircase, window and door frames; and hardwood floors using their skills and tools. They build wood framing for houses, roofs, stairs, decks and construct formwork to support concrete work such as footings, columns and stairs. Besides that, they also involves carpentry work to install cabinets, siding, drywall rails, building cabinets and counter tops and may include work on drywall, wood flooring, metal jambs and ceilings. Normally carpenters are skilled in exterior and interior finish work. A different type of carpenters has different skills. Some of them are Cabinet Maker, Construction, Floor Coverer, Interior Systems, Millwright, Pile Driver. (Accessed to www.resource4construction siteaccidents.com) 2.2.7 Metal worker The duty of metal workers in the construction is to maintain, and installs for variety of metal products including siding, signs, and ventilation equipment. This very specialized profession requires many years of training and experience, not only because worked metal must be very precise, but also the level of danger associated with working environment which use the powerful cutting and lifting equipment is higher than most other occupations. (Accessed https://www.resource4constructionsiteaccidents.com, 5 June 2010) 2.2.8 Construction Plant Operators Construction equipment operators use machinery to shift construction materials, earth, and other heavy materials at construction sites. They operate equipment that clears and grades land to prepare it for construction of roads, buildings, and bridges. They use machines such as bulldozer to excavate trenches to place or repair sewer and other utilities, and use tower crane to hoist heavy construction materials. (Accessed https://dwd.wisconsin.gov, 5 June 2010) Besides that, Construction Plant Operators also help make adjustments, set up and inspect the equipment, perform some maintenance and minor repairs. Construction equipment is more technologically advanced than it was in the past. In technology advanced country such as Japan and United Kingdom, such skills worker will use global positioning system (GPS) technology to help with grading and leveling activities. (Accessed https://dwd.wisconsin.gov, 5 June 2010) 2.2.9 Painters Painters are often the last line of construction workers to finish a project before the tenants occupy the structure. The main duty of painter is to provide not only aesthetic considerations for a bare structure, but also enhance the natural shape of a building and provide additional protection from weather, wear and tear, and natural aging process. These skilled workers must have knowledge of not only their crafts, but the appropriate amount of chemicals needed to finish it, how different surfaces need different materials, and finally a bit of creative touch to ensure everything proceeds smoothly. (Accessed https://dwd.wisconsin.gov, 5 June 2010) 2.2.10 Concretor The duty of the concrete finishers is creating the smooth, unbroken appearance in concrete. Although the job seems to be very easy but in fact one that takes years to learn and many more to master it, and experienced concrete finishers are always a welcome sight on any construction project. (Accessed https://dwd.wisconsin.gov, 5 June 2010) ACT 520 Third Schedule Third Schedule [Section 2 and Subsection 32(2)] Skilled Construction Workers No. Skilled Construction Worker 1 Concretor 2 Bar-bender 3 Carpenter 4 Bricklayer/Mason 5 Plasterer/Pavior 6 Tiler 7 Painter 8 Joiner 9 Metalworker 10 Drain-layer 11 Glazier 12 Welder 13 Construction plant operator 14 Plumber 15 Licensed Electrician ( sources from PEMBINAAN MALAYSIA ACT 1994) References LAWS OF MALAYSIA ACT 520 LEMBAGA PEMBANGUNAN INDUSTRI PEMBINAAN MALAYSIA ACT 1994. Wisconsin Department of Workforce Department.2010 [ Online ] Available at: https://dwd.wisconsin.gov [Assessed 5 June 2010] Type of Construction Workers https://www.resource4constructionsite accidents.com/topics/typesofconstructionworkers.html [Assessed 5 June 2010] Chapter 3 Factor that cause skilled labour shortage in Construction industry 3.1 Cause of skilled labour shortage The skilled labour shortage can be attributed not only to the economic boom, but also to the fact that people are choosing more academic type qualifications. (CIDB, 2003)As a result, many companies are now searching for skilled labour to meet their needs. The shortage of skilled labour can result from an increase in the demand for labour. (Liew, Wee Yee, 2005), this can be interpreted as demand is more than supply. There are several diverse factors have contributed to the construction industrys shortages of skilled workers; these factors include local and young generation unwilling to join, wages problem, poor industry image, working environment and condition, government policy, economic factor. 3.1.1 Local and Young generation unwilling to join In Malaysia, local youths would rather be unemployed despite working in the construction industry. This is attributed to the archaic employment practices, outdoor work and prevalence of the temporary and casual labour. (Saleh [emailprotected]/* */, 2008). Usually people will feel the construction workers lack superiority, class and respectability. Youngster is not willing to take over the manual techniques from their parent (skilled worker). This will leave to the skills gaps which will leave by old generation who are retirement. Youngster prefers work that is less strenuous with more comfortable working conditions. According to Ng Seing Liong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Now that I sit on the CIDB, I know it is facing a lot of problems. It cant find Malaysians to be trained in the wet trades, such as masonry, carpentry. In comparison, Indonesian workers are so easily available.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The statement above meant for the local, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s very difficult to find the Malaysian to do as a construction worker compared to foreign worker. 3.1.2 Wages problem Working as construction worker, the wage is usually paid on daily basis. For example, if that construction worker unable to work that particular working day, will cause no income for that day. According to report for Average Daily Wage Rate of Construction Workers and Machine Plant Operator January 2009, the wages for skilled worker will higher compared to unskilled worker and the scale of wage is also different from each state/ area in the Malaysia. Besides that, the poor paymaster (MBAM, 2007) also becomes the major issue in the Construction industry. Income is the major consideration for people to entry the industry. Issues as above mentioned will create a barrier for people choose to work in construction industry. Statement above can be proved by Master Builders Association Malaysia (MBAM) president Datuk Ng Kee Lee, he had mentioned that the Act was vital to protect the interests of all players in the construction industry and the association had appealed to the Malaysia govern ment to bring the Act into force. 3.1.3 Poor industry image Construction industry usually related to 3D, which is dirty, dangerous and difficult. (CIDB, 2005) Local people are not willing to participate into the construction industry. In Malaysia, almost 90% of construction workers whether skilled or unskilled are foreign worker which come from neighboring countries. (CIDB, 2005) The irresponsible employer/ contractor which wish to save the construction cost will usually ignore the safety of workers by provided the worker with minimum insurance. Besides that, appeared of poor paymaster and a great of number of press which report the incident of site accident contributes to the skilled shortage issue. One of the issues of most concern to construction workers throughout the world is the insecurity of income that comes with temporary status. Providing adequate insurance against periods of sickness or unemployment as well as medical and retirement benefits is of critical importance in attracting and retaining workers in the industry (ILO, 2007). In conclusion, every construction party have to work out together to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"washà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the image of construction industry. 3.1.4 Working environment and condition Executive director of the Malaysian Employers Federation said that Malaysian workers are not willing to work on a plantation or construction site because it is hard work under the sun. Many of the 26 millions Malaysian workers want white collar jobs (Bloomberg News, 2005). In Malaysia, tough working condition is also is the barrier for people to entry the industry. The construction industry is unique among industries. The activities of construction often take place outdoor risky conditions which not safety and healthy and extremely hot weather. Workers in the construction sites have to face persistent change in the nature of work, the location of work and the mix of workers. The nature of most accidents at construction recurrent and serious shows that the construction industry is unique. As buildings become higher and larger, the possibility of accidents to occur also increases. The danger posed to personal safety by construction work is one of the reasons why Malaysian is unwilling to take up careers in it. According to Human Resources Minister Datuk Dr S. Subramaniam, an average of eighty workers was killed in such accidents. Inspection conducted by Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) found that one of the main contributory factors of accidents at construction sites was the lack of commitment by employers to implement measures to improve occupational safety and health. Construction sites rated as unsatisfactory were not managed in accordance to best practices. And most of the time, were not in compliance with the laws and regulations governing construction activities. Accidents at the construction site do not only involve workers, but may also inflict injury or even cause death to the general public. Such accidents had tarnished the image of construction industry. In conclusion, the poor working environment and condition is also contributed to the skilled labour shortage problem in Malaysia. 3.1.5 Government policy The latest report revealed that there were approximately 1.9 million foreign workers in Malaysia. These foreign workers were dustribute across sectors such as manufacturing (39 %), construction (19 %), plantation (14 %), housemaids (12 %), services (10 %), remainder were in agriculture sector.(accessed to www.themalaysianinsider.com) From the figure above, we can know that 19% of 1.9 million foreign worker is work in construction industry. The government of Malaysia move to diminish the number of foreign workers in the country to 1.5 million by 2010 will even worsen the issues of construction skilled labour shortage as the local already less interested working as skilled worker in the construction industry. The policy will stop the potential construction skilled worker which can come to our country for working. 3.1.6 Economic Factor The strong growth of the Malaysia economy prompt by the influx of investments, job opportunities have increased resulting in the easing of the unemployment rate. (Saleh [emailprotected]/* */, 2008) In construction industry, foreign investment had causes the supply of property increase; supply of property increase will also affect the construction skilled workers intensive. Skilled worker play an important roles in construction industry. Without them, construction industry will be affected, thus, it has now become an employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market and therefore, workers can afford to be choosy. Skilled workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wages will increase, then for employer which came from minor financial will not be able to hire skilled worker. 3.1.7 Change in Education More recently, another change that has affected the inflow of new labour in construction industry is the educational change that has impacted younger generation. More people are seeking higher education in an effort to secure a more lucrative profession and consequently live a better life than their parents did. It appears that here, a stigma is being cast upon construction trades as dirty, dangerous and difficult. The term construction worker has negative impact for young people. Most commonly see the construction worker lacks prestige, class and respectability. It is projected that the proportion of the overall labour force with tertiary education to increase to 21.1 per cent in 2006 (20 percent in 2005) in line with the government.s concerted efforts at enhancing the quality of human capital in the country (Bernama, 2001).